The Festival of Tóxcatl held immense cultural significance for the Aztecs, marking a time of renewal and honoring the god Tezcatlipoca. In 1520, tensions between the Spanish conquistadors and the Aztec empire had escalated due to the ongoing Spanish presence and demands for tribute. Hernán Cortés, realizing the need to undermine the Aztec belief in their invincibility, orchestrated a surprise attack during the festival. As thousands gathered for the religious ceremony, Spanish soldiers descended upon them, resulting in a massacre of unarmed participants. This shocking betrayal turned the mood of the Aztec people from one of reverence to outrage and resistance.

The aftermath of the massacre saw the Aztecs uniting against their Spanish aggressors, leading to a full-scale uprising. The brutality of the Spanish assault during such a sacred event significantly shifted public sentiment, transforming former allies into foes. Many nobles who had initially been supportive of Cortés distanced themselves from him, recognizing that the Spanish could not be trusted. The massacre was a pivotal moment, as it hardened the resolve of the Aztecs, leading to increased hostility that would culminate in the siege of Tenochtitlan.

As the siege progressed, the Aztec defenses were strengthened out of a collective desire for vengeance. Additionally, other indigenous groups began joining forces with the Aztecs, seeing the Spanish as a common enemy. The massacre at the Festival of Tóxcatl changed the course of the conflict, resulting in fierce battles and ultimately the fall of Tenochtitlan within a year. The festival, once a symbol of unity and cultural pride, became a reminder of colonial exploitation and set the stage for a broader conflict in Mesoamerica.