The abolition of penal transportation to New South Wales was a noteworthy shift in British penal policy during the early 19th century. The practice, which began in the late 18th century, involved sending convicted criminals, particularly from Britain, to Australian territories as a form of punishment. Over the years, transportation became a controversial subject, raising questions about its humanitarian implications and the conditions faced by convicts during their journeys and in the colonies.

Several factors contributed to the decision to abolish this practice. Firstly, the increasing awareness of the inhumane treatment of convicts and the conditions aboard transport ships fueled public outcry. Moreover, the growing sentiment for criminal justice reform in Britain prompted policymakers to reconsider the efficacy of a penal system reliant on transportation. Many advocates argued that reforming criminals while retaining them in their home country was a superior approach.

By the time transportation was officially abolished, New South Wales had already evolved from a penal colony to a thriving settlement, with many former convicts integrating into society. This transition marked the start of a new era in British criminology and penal reform, leading to the establishment of prisons that focused more on rehabilitation than mere punishment.