The territorial dispute between Malaysia and Singapore over Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh) and Middle Rocks began in 1979 when both countries asserted claims over these strategic maritime features located in the Singapore Strait. Pedra Branca, an island with historical significance, lies at the entrance of the Johor Strait and serves as an important navigational landmark. In 2003, both countries agreed to refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for a binding resolution, marking a significant diplomatic approach to resolving the matter peacefully. The ICJ, after considerable examination of historical documents, maps, and evidence provided by both nations, conducted hearings in 2007 and delivered its judgment in May 2008.

The Court awarded Pedra Branca to Singapore, recognizing its continuous administration of the island, which included the maintenance of the light station since 1851. On the other hand, Middle Rocks—two rocky islets located nearby—were awarded to Malaysia, reflecting its historical fishing rights and usage of the area. This ruling was significant not only for its immediate diplomatic implications but also for reinforcing the framework of international law in resolving territorial disputes. The decision was met with acceptance by both governments, reflecting a commitment to maintaining peaceful relations in the region.