Richard Cromwell's resignation as Lord Protector was a significant turning point in England's political landscape during the mid-17th century. Following his father Oliver Cromwell's death in 1658, Richard took over leadership in a deeply divided nation grappling with differing political ideologies. His rule faced immediate challenges as he lacked both the charisma and military backing that characterized his father’s tenure. The political climate was charged, with the army holding considerable influence over the state and the parliament being reestablished, leading to complex tensions between various power factions.

As dissatisfaction grew among Parliament members and the general populace regarding Richard's leadership, the Long Parliament saw a restoration in influence. Richard's attempts to govern with a more conciliatory approach contrasted starkly with the military dictatorship that had existed under his father. Despite efforts to consolidate his power and win diverse support, he faced opposition from parliamentarians who preferred a return to parliamentary sovereignty. This culminated in his resignation, effectively terminating the direct ruling of the Lord Protectorate, which had been a hallmark of the republican government that emerged after King Charles I's execution.

The resignation not only marked the conclusion of a republican experiment but also set the stage for a return to monarchy. Richard Cromwell’s departure paved the way for further political shifts, as the country grappled with the restoration of monarchy in the years to come. His time in power, though short-lived, illustrated the challenges faced in trying to maintain a republican governance style against strong historical tides favoring monarchy and established societal hierarchies.