The signing of the Treaty of Gandamak marked a significant moment in the Great Game, the political and diplomatic confrontation between the British Empire and Russia in Central Asia. The treaty was negotiated following the Second Anglo-Afghan War, which saw British forces invade Afghanistan in an effort to reassert control over the region and counter Russian influence. Sir Louis Cavagnari represented the British interests, while Sher Ali Khan, the Amir of Afghanistan, sought to maintain his sovereignty amidst foreign pressures.

The treaty established Afghanistan's diplomatic relationships, particularly with Britain, while recognizing it as a buffer state against Russian encroachment. The arrangement outlined the British control over Afghan foreign affairs but allowed for internal autonomy. Additionally, the treaty defined borders, which would have lasting repercussions on regional stability and international relations in the area.

The terms of the Treaty of Gandamak included provisions for British oversight in Afghan foreign relations and the establishment of various outposts. This was part of a broader strategy by Britain to secure its interests in India and maintain a sphere of influence in Central Asia amidst rising tensions with Russia. The treaty facilitated subsequent British military involvement in Afghan affairs, setting the stage for future conflicts.