On May 2, 1808, in response to the harsh French occupation, the people of Madrid rose in rebellion against the French forces that were controlling their city. This uprising was fueled by discontent over the actions of the French, including the imposition of stringent measures and increased military presence following Spain's loss of sovereignty. Protesters poured into the streets, fueled by patriotism and indignation over foreign rule, seeking to expel the French troops from their homeland.

As violence broke out, the uprising quickly escalated into a larger conflict, catching the French forces by surprise. The citizens of Madrid engaged in clashes with the French soldiers, showcasing their determination but also exposing their lack of military organization and preparedness. Despite their courage, the rebellion was met with brutal repression by the French authorities, who sought to restore order and demonstrate their power.

On May 3, the aftermath of the rebellion saw many of those involved captured. A significant number of the rebels were executed near the Príncipe Pío hill, a location that would become synonymous with tragic resistance against oppression. The executions served as a stark reminder of the consequences of defiance against powerful occupiers and intensified anti-French sentiments across Spain, igniting a wider conflict that would become known as the Peninsular War.