The Mongol invasion of Java was a significant military campaign initiated by the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan. After King Kertanegara of Singhasari refused to pay tribute and reportedly mutilated the Yuan envoy, the Mongol Empire sought retribution, launching a formidable expedition. The Mongol forces, renowned for their cavalry and striking tactics, arrived at Java in 1293, aiming to assert dominance and establish Yuan influence in Southeast Asia. The invasion marked a critical point in the competition between regional powers and the Mongol Empire.

As the Mongol forces landed on the island, they encountered fierce resistance from local kingdoms and guerrilla tactics employed by the Javanese. The lack of unity among the Javanese states facilitated the Mongol's initial advances, but as the conflict unfolded, more local leaders united against the invaders. The battle strategies of the Javanese, utilizing their knowledge of the terrain, contributed significantly to the eventual downfall of the Mongol expedition. Ultimately, the Mongols were forced to retreat, marking a rare failure for one of history's most formidable military powers.

The aftermath of the failed invasion had lasting repercussions in Java, leading to the decline of Mongol ambitions in Southeast Asia and enhancing the power of local leaders like Kertanegara. Surabaya emerged as a vital city, symbolizing resistance against foreign domination. The failed invasion not only reinforced the legitimacy of the Singhasari kingdom but also laid the foundation for further developments in Javanese politics and regional autonomy during the following centuries.