The Constitution of South Africa became effective, changing the political landscape by declaring South Africa a republic. This followed a referendum held in October 1960 in which a majority of white voters favored the transition from a constitutional monarchy to a republic, effectively abolishing the British monarchy's role in South African governance. This change was a pivotal moment in the implementation of apartheid policies, which enforced racial segregation and discrimination. As a republic, South Africa also adopted a new national anthem and flag, symbolizing its break from colonial ties. However, the transition did not lead to a shift toward a more democratic governance; instead, it solidified the apartheid regime that was already in place. The segregationist laws remained unchallenged, heavily oppressing the non-white majority. With the rise of resistance movements, like the African National Congress, the apartheid government's measures became more potent and repressive.

Internationally, the proclamation of a republic was met with mixed reactions, and South Africa's decision to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations in 1961 was impacted by its controversial racial policies. The legal framework established a system that excluded non-white South Africans from meaningful participation in government, further entrenching inequality. This exclusion catalyzed internal and external movements against apartheid, setting the stage for future protests and calls for equality. The international community was increasingly critical of South African policies, particularly as the anti-apartheid movement gained ground, culminating in widespread condemnation and sanctions in the following decades. The limitations established by the 1961 Constitution stayed in place until they were dismantled with the end of apartheid in the early 1990s.