King Ferdinand VII Restores Absolutism in Spain
King Ferdinand VII repealed the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812, reinstating absolute monarchy in Spain. This significant political shift occurred shortly after his return from exile in France, igniting intense opposition from liberal factions, who had adopted the Constitution and advocated for constitutional governance during his absence. Rather than uphold the democratic reforms established by the national assembly, Ferdinand's declaration marked a definitive retreat from the ideals of the Enlightenment and the early liberal movement of the time.
Ferdinand VII rejected liberal constitutionalism.
Restoration followed his exile during the Peninsular War.
Abolishment led to political division and unrest.
His reign sparked ongoing struggles for democracy.
What Happened?
After the defeat of Napoleon's forces, King Ferdinand VII returned to Spain, where he was greeted as a monarch who would restore stability post-conflict. However, his first major act as the restored monarch was to abolish the Spanish Constitution of 1812, a progressive document that had been established during the interim period when he was forced into exile. The Constitution had introduced various reforms aimed at modernizing the Spanish government, including the establishment of a parliamentary system, the recognition of civil liberties, and the separation of powers. These changes were inspired by Enlightenment principles and were a response to the demands for greater representation and rights by the citizens in the wake of political upheaval.Ferdinand's decision to abolish the Constitution on this occasion not only represented a return to absolute monarchy but also pointed to the deep divisions within Spanish society. Liberal factions who had supported the Constitution were disillusioned, leading to civil unrest and the formation of secret societies that sought to continue the push for liberal reform. The immediate aftermath saw a crackdown by supporters of the king against those who favored constitutionalism, significantly intensifying the political strife in Spain. Ferdinand's reign directly contributed to shaping the political landscape for decades, leading eventually to a series of uprisings and civil wars in the 19th century as liberals and conservatives clashed over the future direction of Spain.
Why Does it Matter?
The abolition of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 by King Ferdinand VII marked a critical turning point in Spanish history, signifying the end of an early wave of liberal reform. It set the stage for ongoing conflicts between absolutist and liberal factions that would define Spain's political landscape in the 19th century. The events that followed would lead to a cycle of revolutions and a fierce struggle for democratic governance, influencing not only Spain but also the broader movements of liberalism across Europe.