The Irish Literary Theatre played a crucial role in the revival of the Irish cultural identity at the turn of the century. Founded in Dublin by figures such as William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, and Edward Martyn, the theatre aimed to create a venue where Irish writers could express their unique voices through drama. The first play produced by this group, 'The Countess Cathleen' written by Yeats, premiered at the Antient Concert Rooms in Dublin in May 1899. This production marked the beginning of a new era for Irish theatre, allowing local artists to gain recognition for their work.

The significance of this first production extended beyond mere entertainment; it was a pivotal moment in fostering a national consciousness and pride among the Irish people. The play’s themes addressed prevalent social issues and utilized folklore and mythology, connecting contemporary audiences with their cultural heritage. During this time, Ireland was searching for a distinct identity, particularly in the context of British rule, and the theatre served as a platform for dialogue concerning national identity and artistic expression.

The success of 'The Countess Cathleen' and subsequent productions paved the way for future playwrights, including the legendary Sean O'Casey and J.M. Synge, who would later contribute significantly to the Irish Theatre movement. Furthermore, this initial production initiated a series of theatrical works that influenced the establishment of the Abbey Theatre in 1904, which became one of the most renowned theatres in Ireland and the world, continuing the legacy of showcasing Irish talent and stories.