The Battle of Crete, which began on May 20, was a crucial engagement in World War II, marking the first instance where German airborne forces were used to seize an island. The operation involved over 22,000 German troops who, supported by extensive air power, landed on the island with the objective of capturing Crete from the Allied forces who had occupied it since the previous year. The defenders numbered around 30,000, including British, Commonwealth, and Greek forces. Despite their numerical superiority, the Allies struggled against the German blitzkrieg tactics and air dominance. As the battle progressed, the Allies' defensive positions were gradually overrun, leading to heavy casualties and withdrawal. On June 1, the remnants of the Allied defenses formally capitulated, leading to the consolidation of German control over Crete.

The capture of the island had immediate and lasting implications for the Mediterranean campaign. It not only granted the Axis powers strategic air bases and shipping lanes but also showcased the effectiveness of airborne operations. The battle's outcome disturbed Allied morale and prompted re-evaluation of the Allied strategy in the Mediterranean, contributing to shifts in control that would last throughout the war. Crete's fall also led to further German operations in the region, underscoring the importance of securing southern approaches to Europe.