The capture of Mexico City by French troops was a significant episode during the broader context of the French intervention in Mexico, which began in 1861. France, under the rule of Emperor Napoleon III, sought to establish a favorable regime in Mexico by supporting the ascension of Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria as Emperor of Mexico. This aimed to create a friendly monarchy in North America and counterbalance U.S. influence in the region. The Mexican government, led by President Benito Juárez, opposed foreign intervention and rallied the military to defend the nation's sovereignty.

In early June 1863, French forces began their assault on Mexico City, which had been fortified against such attacks. The French military showcased superior organization and resources, employing modern artillery and tactics to overpower Mexican troops. Despite the fierce resistance by defenders loyal to Juárez, Mexico City fell as French troops entered the city, marking an important milestone in their campaign. This victory allowed France to install Maximilian as emperor, effectively establishing a short-lived monarchy endorsed by European powers.

The capture of Mexico City also had significant implications for local politics and international relations. It not only demonstrated the vulnerability of the Mexican state but also set the stage for internal strife and conflict that would last for more than a decade. The French occupation exacerbated divisions among Mexican conservatives and liberals, leading to further confrontations as Mexican forces regrouped to reclaim their capital after being displaced. Maximilian's rule would ultimately face strong opposition, culminating in his execution in 1867, marking the end of French intervention and re-establishment of a republican government under Juárez.