The treaty to annex the Republic of Hawaii was signed on June 16, 1897, following extensive negotiations between American diplomats and the Republic's leadership. The annexation was driven by the U.S. desire for strategic military and economic advantages, particularly in the Pacific, as American businesses, particularly in sugar and agriculture, benefited significantly from Hawaiian products. The signing represented the culmination of decades of increased U.S. influence in Hawaiian affairs, spurred on by sugar industry leaders and the growing sentiments of Manifest Destiny among American politicians and citizens.

President William McKinley, who took office in 1897, strongly supported the treaty, reflecting the dominant theme of American expansionism during this period. However, the treaty faced opposition from various groups, including native Hawaiians and those who valued Hawaiian sovereignty, leading to political tension. Despite this, the treaty was signed, allowing for the prospect of Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory.

While the treaty was signed in 1897, it would not be until 1898 that the Republic of Hawaii was officially dissolved and incorporated into the United States as a territory. This one-year span allowed for continued debates and discussions regarding the implications of annexation for the local population and governance structure. The controversy surrounding this issue underscored the complexities surrounding imperialism and the treatment of indigenous communities during this era of American expansion.