The Egyptian revolution arose from deep dissatisfaction with the monarchy, particularly under King Farouk, whose rule was associated with corruption and inefficiency. The revolution was led by a group known as the Free Officers Movement, which was formed in the early 1940s. On July 23, 1952, the movement orchestrated a coup d'état that resulted in the abdication of King Farouk, marking the decline of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's rule over Egypt. Public sentiment was largely in favor of the revolutionaries, who presented themselves as champions of national sovereignty and reform.

As the revolution unfolded, General Muhammad Naguib emerged as the leader of the new government, with Gamal Abdel Nasser as a key figure in the background. The pro-republic sentiment grew, and Nasser's vision for a more modern, independent Egypt began to take shape. By June 18, 1953, the formal declaration of the Republic of Egypt was made, abolishing the monarchy and establishing a republic with Naguib as its first President. This transformation aimed to eradicate colonial influences and set Egypt on a path toward modernization through various reforms including land redistribution and nationalizing various industries.

The revolution did not just change the regime; it ignited a wave of nationalist and Arab socialist ideas across the region, inspiring movements and leaders in neighboring countries. The declaration of the Republic was not merely a transfer of power; it represented a complete shift in the sociopolitical landscape of Egypt, forging new pathways for governance, social justice, and education. The ensuing years saw heightened tensions with foreign powers, especially in the context of the Cold War, as Egypt sought to assert its independence and identity on the global stage.