The Treaty of Anagni was a pivotal diplomatic agreement forged in an attempt to resolve the protracted conflicts arising from the War of the Sicilian Vespers, which had commenced in 1282. This uprising was primarily characterized by the revolt of Sicilian nobles against the Aragonese rule, leading to a wider struggle involving French, Aragonese, and Neapolitan interests. The treaty was negotiated under the auspices of the papacy, with Pope Boniface VIII playing a significant role in mediating the conflict between the Crown of Aragon, the Kingdom of France, and the Kingdom of Naples.

Located in Anagni, Italy, known for its historical and political significance concerning the papacy, the treaty signified a broader effort to restore peace in the region and to stabilize the power dynamics among the involved kingdoms. As political alliances were ever-shifting and regions contested, the treaty aimed not only to reach an accord regarding Sicily but also to lay down frameworks for future cooperation among the states concerned.

The agreement resulted in a temporary cessation of hostilities and allowed for a reallocation of power in Sicily, though tensions would resurface in later years. The Treaty of Anagni reflected the complexities of medieval politics and the significant influence wielded by the papacy in mediating regional conflicts. It served as a touchstone event in the timeline of Italian political history and the broader context of European power relations in the late 13th century.