The Mali Federation was a political union established in January 1960, uniting the territories of French Sudan (present-day Mali) and Senegal in a federation to seek independence from French colonial rule. The federation was born from a shared desire for self-governance and was exemplified by leaders Modibo Keita and Léopold Sédar Senghor. On June 20, 1960, the Mali Federation formally declared its independence from France, signaling its aspirations for full autonomy. The independence declaration was celebrated with great enthusiasm across both regions, emphasizing their collective identity as they stepped onto the world stage as a unified entity.

Despite the initial success, the political union faced significant challenges due to cultural and ideological differences between the two territories. These tensions culminated in the dissolution of the federation just two months later in August 1960. Following the disbandment, Senegal and Mali emerged as separate independent nations. The leaders played a crucial role during this transition: Modibo Keita became the first president of Mali, while Léopold Sédar Senghor became the first president of Senegal. The split revealed deeper regional distinctions and foreshadowed future political dynamics in West Africa.

Both nations pursued their paths in the aftermath of independence, grappling with issues like national identity, governance, and economic development. The fervor and spirit of independence inspired other territories within Africa to challenge colonial powers, ultimately leading to a wave of decolonization across the continent. This moment laid the groundwork for future cooperation and competition among newly independent nations in West Africa, significantly influencing the region's political landscape.