The Battle of Vitoria was fought near the town of Vitoria-Gasteiz in Spain, pitting the Allied forces under the command of the Duke of Wellington against the French troops led by Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon. In the spring of 1813, Wellington had been conducting a series of successful campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula, gradually pushing back French forces and rallying local support. By June, Wellington assembled a multinational army composed of British, Portuguese, and Spanish units, totaling around 70,000 men, eager to outmaneuver the French forces, which were approximately 50,000 strong but poorly organized and stretched thin due to supply issues and retreating maneuvers.On June 21, 1813, the battle commenced with a surprise attack led by Wellington against the French left flank. The strategy was meticulously planned to exploit weaknesses in the French line. As the engagement intensified, Wellington's forces advanced with vigor, utilizing coordinated artillery and infantry assaults. The French forces, unable to maintain coherent defense and suffering from low morale, soon began to falter. The pivotal moment came when the main French defensive position was overwhelmed, leading to a chaotic withdrawal. Notable was the capture of Joseph Bonaparte’s vast supply wagons, which significantly demoralized the French and invigorated the Allies, influencing subsequent military actions in the region.