Julia Gillard's ascension to the role of Prime Minister marked a turning point in Australian politics, especially regarding gender representation. Elected as a member of the Australian Labor Party, Gillard had previously served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Education. The leadership challenge arose following growing discontent within the party regarding Kevin Rudd's leadership style and the government’s handling of key policies. After securing the support of a majority of Labor MPs, Gillard was elected unopposed as the party leader, paving the way for her historic swearing-in as Prime Minister.

Her tenure as Prime Minister began against a backdrop of economic recovery following the global financial crisis, and she faced considerable challenges including climate change policy, the mining tax debate, and an impending federal election. Gillard was aware that her leadership would be scrutinized not just for its policies but also for how it challenged traditional norms in Australian politics where male leadership had been the norm. Her election brought immediate international attention and showcased Australia’s commitment to gender equality in political representation.

During her time as Prime Minister, Gillard focused on reforming the education system and creating a more equitable society, while also bringing crucial social issues to the forefront, including women's rights and health care. Being the first female Prime Minister brought her under a global spotlight, and her leadership style, often described as direct and pragmatic, set her apart in a predominantly male political environment.