The Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881 was a pivotal moment in Balkan diplomacy, initiated to bolster the security and national interests of both Austria-Hungary and Serbia. As tensions in Eastern Europe were rising, largely due to the waning influence of the Ottoman Empire and the ambitions of Russia, these two nations sought a common ground to enhance their positions. The agreement was largely motivated by Austria-Hungary's concerns over Slavic nationalism and the expansionist policies of Russia, which threatened the stability of its empire. The secretive nature of the alliance emphasized the delicate balance of power that characterized European politics during this period.

Negotiations took place in a backdrop of intricate alliances and enmities, with both countries recognizing the potential advantages of cooperating. The alliance was designed to ensure mutual support, particularly in the event of a Russian aggression. This cooperation was seen as essential for Serbia, which sought greater autonomy and recognition in the face of Hungarian pressures within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Conversely, Austria-Hungary aimed to use this partnership to contain Serbian nationalism and to further its influence in the Balkans.

Despite its intentions, the secretive nature and underlying tensions inherent in the alliance set the groundwork for future conflicts, notably the Balkan Wars and eventually World War I. The dynamics created by this alliance illustrate an important shift in the geopolitics of Eastern Europe and reflect broader themes of nationalism and imperialism present during the late 19th century.