Notable Historical Dates On This Day June 30th
From world-changing moments to lesser-known milestones, history is happening all around us—every single day. Explore the key events that shaped the world on this very date, and uncover the fascinating stories that connect the past to today.
Pope Marcellinus Begins His Papacy
Pope Marcellinus began his papacy as the 28th pope of the Catholic Church. His tenure occurred during a highly tumultuous period for Christians within the Roman Empire, marked by persecution. As pope, he was responsible for guiding the faithful and maintaining the Church's influence amid these challenges. His leadership sought to provide solace and direction to the community while navigating the adversities posed by the state, particularly under Emperor Diocletian's rule. His papacy would impact the Church’s stance and adaptation during a time of crisis.
Continue ReadingByzantine Victory at the Battle of Anchialus
Emperor Constantine V led the Byzantine army to a significant victory over Bulgarian forces near Anchialus. The battle showcased Byzantine military tactics and strength, securing their control in the region. It played a crucial role in sustaining the Byzantine Empire's influence over the Balkans during a period of increasing Bulgarian power.
Continue ReadingDuke of Milan Faces Swiss at Arbedo
The Battle of Arbedo occurred between the Duke of Milan and the Swiss cantons, marking a significant conflict in the struggle for northern Italian territory. The battle was primarily instigated by the expansionist ambitions of the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, against the well-organized Swiss forces. The cantons were unified, motivated by their desire to defend their independence and territorial integrity. The engaging military tactics of the Swiss ultimately led to a critical defeat for the Milanese forces.
Continue ReadingSpanish Victory at the Battle of Noáin
Spanish forces achieved a decisive victory against a combined French and Navarrese army at the Battle of Noáin. The confrontation took place in Navarre, where the Spanish sought to consolidate their control over the region. Under the command of notable leaders, the Spanish capitalized on strategic advantages and effectively outmaneuvered their opponents, resulting in significant territorial gains and a shift in power dynamics in the region.
Continue ReadingKing Henry II mortally wounded in joust
King Henry II of France was mortally injured during a jousting match against Gabriel, comte de Montgomery. The accident occurred at the tournament held to celebrate the marriage of his daughter, Elizabeth de Valois, to King Philip II of Spain. A lance splintered upon impact, piercing Henry's eye, which ultimately led to his demise. The event took place in Paris, showcasing both the thrill and danger of jousting, a popular spectacle of the time.
Continue ReadingCastillo San Felipe del Morro Surrenders to English Forces
After a sustained siege of fifteen days, Castillo San Felipe del Morro in San Juan, Puerto Rico capitulated to an English force led by Sir George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland. The English aimed to expand their influence in the Caribbean at a time when Spanish dominion was strong in the region. The fall of this strategic fortress marked a significant moment in the conflict between Spain and England over territories in the New World.
Continue ReadingFounding of the University of Tartu
The University of Tartu was established in 1632, marking the beginning of higher education in Estonia. Originally founded as a Swedish university, it aimed to promote Protestant education and intellectual life in the region. Located in Tartu, Estonia, it was pivotal in advancing the cultural and scientific landscape during a time of significant political and social change in Northern Europe. The university served as a center for various disciplines including theology, law, and medicine.
Continue ReadingPolish Victory at the Battle of Berestechko
The Battle of Berestechko resulted in a decisive Polish victory over Ukrainian Cossack forces. Taking place during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the battle saw hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky leading Cossack forces against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This confrontation was significant as it marked a critical moment in the larger conflict between these powers over control in Eastern Europe, culminating in a battlefield where tactical maneuvers and sheer numbers played a vital role.
Continue ReadingInvitation to William of Orange Issued
Seven English nobles, known as the Immortal Seven, sent a letter inviting William of Orange to invade England. They expressed dissatisfaction with King James II's policies, particularly regarding religion and governance. The invitation was a pivotal moment leading to the Glorious Revolution, which aimed to replace James II with William, emphasizing the need for a constitutional monarchy. This document outlined the nobles' commitment to support William's claim to the throne.
Continue ReadingDecisive Clash at the Battle of Ekeren
The Battle of Ekeren was a notable military encounter that took place between Dutch and French forces. Launched during the War of the Spanish Succession, the Dutch aimed to defend their territory against French expansion. The battle occurred near Ekeren, a town in present-day Belgium, showcasing both strategic maneuvers and intense combat between two experienced armies.
Continue ReadingAustrian Victory at the Battle of Domstadtl
Habsburg Austrian forces achieved a significant victory against Prussian forces by destroying a Prussian reinforcement and supply convoy at the Battle of Domstadtl. This confrontation played a crucial role in supporting the expulsion of King Frederick II from Moravia, turning the tide in the ongoing conflict during the Seven Years' War.
Continue ReadingBlue Jacket's Assault on Fort Recovery
Native American forces, led by Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket, launched a surprise attack on Fort Recovery, a settlement established by American troops in Ohio. The fort was built as part of the American response to increasing Native American resistance in the region. The ambush saw Blue Jacket's forces seeking to reclaim territory and respond to the encroachment of settlers, marking an escalatory moment in the Northwest Indian War. Although the attack was fierce, the fort's defenses held strong against the assault.
Continue ReadingMichigan Territory Established from Indiana Territory
The establishment of the Michigan Territory created a new governmental entity, resulting from the division of the Indiana Territory. This reorganization aimed to improve governance and administration in the region. It provided a structured framework for settlement and development, facilitating economic growth and population expansion in this part of the Northwest Territory.
Continue ReadingCharles Blondin's Tightrope Walk over Niagara Falls
Charles Blondin performed a daring tightrope walk across Niagara Falls, stretching 1,100 feet between the shores. This astonishing feat took place in front of thousands who gathered to witness the event. Blondin was known for his remarkable skills as an acrobat, and during this performance, he demonstrated not only balance and agility but also showmanship. He entertained the crowd by cooking an omelet mid-walk, showcasing his confidence and control. The spectacle captivated spectators and marked a pivotal moment in circus history.
Continue ReadingOxford Evolution Debate Sparks Controversy
The Oxford evolution debate featured prominent figures discussing Charles Darwin's theories on evolution, particularly those presented in 'On the Origin of Species'. Held at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, the discourse generated significant interest, showcasing the clash between scientific thought and religious beliefs during a time of societal change. Notable attendees included Thomas Huxley and John William Draper, who defended Darwin's theories against critics.
Continue ReadingLincoln Grants Yosemite Valley to California
Abraham Lincoln signed the Yosemite Grant, transferring Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias to the state of California for preservation and public enjoyment. This significant act aimed to protect the area from development while promoting its use for recreation. It marked the first time the U.S. federal government set aside a natural area specifically for public use, laying the foundation for the future National Park system.
Continue ReadingCharles J. Guiteau's Execution for Garfield's Assassination
Charles J. Guiteau was executed in Washington, D.C. for the assassination of President James A. Garfield, who had been shot by Guiteau in July of the previous year. The assassination stemmed from Guiteau's delusional belief that he was entitled to a political position within the Garfield administration. His trial attracted national attention, culminating in a conviction for murder and sentencing to death. Guiteau’s public declarations and eccentric behavior garnered curiosity and outrage across the country as the execution date approached.
Continue ReadingFirst Transcontinental Train Trip in Canada
The inaugural transcontinental train journey across Canada commenced in Montreal, Quebec, and concluded in Port Moody, British Columbia. This significant milestone marked the unification of the nation through modern transportation, fostering economic growth and facilitating the movement of people and goods across vast distances. The train route symbolized the connection between the eastern provinces and the western frontier, highlighting Canada's ambition to enhance its infrastructure and promote national cohesion. Departing from Montreal, this expedition established a new era for travel and trade in the country.
Continue ReadingThe Homestead Strike begins near Pittsburgh
The Homestead Strike, initiated by steelworkers at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Works, erupted in June 1892 near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Laborers were protesting wage cuts and poor working conditions, leading to a fierce confrontation between strikers and private security forces hired by Carnegie. The strike escalated into violence, capturing national attention and highlighting the deepening rift between labor and industry.
Continue ReadingTragic Fire Destroys Steamships in Hoboken
A massive fire engulfed three steamships docked at a Hoboken pier, resulting in over 200 fatalities and hundreds more injured. The fire, which swept through the vessels in the early morning hours, became uncontrollable, leading to a chaotic scene on the waterfront. Crew members and passengers desperately sought to escape the flames, while local fire crews struggled to manage the blaze. Investigations into the cause revealed potential negligence, but the aftermath raised awareness about safety regulations for docked ships.
Continue ReadingEinstein Publishes Special Relativity Article
Albert Einstein submitted an influential paper titled 'On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies' for publication in the scientific journal Annalen der Physik. This 1905 manuscript introduced the theory of special relativity, revolutionizing the understanding of space and time. Einstein's work challenged the classical Newtonian mechanics and set the groundwork for modern physics. His ideas would later influence countless fields and prompt further developments in theoretical physics.
Continue ReadingCongress Passes Key Food Safety Laws
The United States Congress enacted the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act to establish federal regulations for food safety. The legislation aimed to protect consumers by ensuring that meat and other food products were safe for public consumption, addressing growing public concerns about unsanitary conditions in the food industry. These acts laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), significantly transforming food safety and health regulations in the United States.
Continue ReadingMystifying Explosion in Eastern Siberia
A colossal explosion occurred in Eastern Siberia, leveling around 2,000 square kilometers of forest. The Tunguska Event, believed to be caused by the airburst of a meteoroid or comet, released energy equivalent to 10-15 megatons of TNT. This tremendous blast was observed as far away as Europe and caused no known casualties. The remote location ensured that the phenomenon remained a subject of speculation and intrigue for decades.
Continue ReadingRegina Cyclone Causes Widespread Destruction
A powerful tornado struck Regina, Saskatchewan, resulting in 28 fatalities and widespread destruction. The event, which occurred in the late afternoon, was noted for the speed and severity with which it developed, catching many residents off guard. The cyclone tore through the city, leveling homes and businesses, leaving a devastating impact in its wake. Eyewitnesses described the frightening appearance of the tornado, which appeared to move like a dark, swirling column through the sky, leading to a massive loss of property and disruption of lives.
Continue ReadingHeavy Casualties of the Royal Sussex Regiment
Elements of the Royal Sussex Regiment faced severe losses during the Battle of the Boar's Head near Richebourg-l'Avoué in France. This engagement occurred on June 30, 1916, as British forces aimed to divert German attention from the ongoing Battle of the Somme. The assault resulted in significant casualties, with many soldiers from the regiment falling during the fierce fighting, marking a notable moment in the larger conflict of World War I.
Continue ReadingTaft Becomes Chief Justice Under Harding
Warren G. Harding appointed William Howard Taft as Chief Justice of the United States, marking a significant moment in judicial history. Taft, a former President himself, was known for his expertise in law and governance. His appointment brought a wealth of experience to the Supreme Court. This decision by Harding aimed to unify the Republican Party and strengthen judicial leadership at a time of political transition in the nation.
Continue ReadingHughes-Peynado Agreement Ends U.S. Occupation
Charles Evans Hughes, the U.S. Secretary of State, and Francisco J. Peynado, the Dominican Ambassador, signed the Hughes-Peynado Agreement in Washington D.C. This agreement marked the formal conclusion of the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic, which had begun in 1916. Aimed at stabilizing the country’s governance, the agreement facilitated the transition of power back to the Dominican Republic, establishing a framework for U.S. involvement in Dominican affairs moving forward. Key to this decision was the desire for improved relations and stability in the Caribbean region.
Continue ReadingHitler's Purge of Political Rivals
In a ruthless power consolidation maneuver, Adolf Hitler orchestrated The Night of the Long Knives, leading to the assassination of numerous political rivals and perceived threats within the Nazi Party. The operation primarily targeted the leadership of the Storm Troopers (SA), particularly Ernst Röhm. This violent purge took place across several locations in Germany, fueled by Hitler's desire to secure his position and align with the German Army and traditional conservative elites. With this decisive action, Hitler eliminated opposition and solidified his totalitarian regime.
Continue ReadingHaile Selassie's Plea for Assistance
Emperor Haile Selassie of Abyssinia appealed to the League of Nations, seeking help against Italy's aggressive invasion of his nation. He delivered an impassioned speech at the League's headquarters in Geneva, urging member states to uphold collective security and defend his country's sovereignty. This appeal highlighted not only the plight of Abyssinia under fascist aggression but also the inadequacies in the League's response to member states facing military invasions.
Continue ReadingIntroduction of the 999 Emergency Telephone Number
In London, the world's first emergency telephone number, 999, was introduced to streamline urgent calls for police, fire, and ambulance services. This development came in response to the increasing need for a centralized emergency response system, significantly improving public safety. The implementation marked a significant step in the evolution of emergency services, allowing citizens to reach help quickly. The number was chosen for its ease of memorization.
Continue ReadingFall of Cherbourg to American Forces
The Battle of Cherbourg concluded with American forces capturing the strategically crucial port. After enduring fierce fighting since the D-Day landings, American troops faced strong German defenses. The fall of Cherbourg allowed the Allies to secure vital supply routes and facilitated further advances into occupied France, marking an important strategic victory in the Normandy campaign.
Continue ReadingChevrolet Corvette's Assembly Line Debut
The first Chevrolet Corvette was produced at General Motors' Flint assembly plant, marking a significant entry into the sports car market for American automotive manufacturers. This model featured a fiberglass body and was designed to stand out with its unique styling and speed potential. The Corvette quickly became a symbol of American engineering and innovation, appealing to a new generation of car enthusiasts. Its production initiated a legacy that would lead to many successful iterations of the Corvette in the decades to follow.
Continue ReadingMid-air Collision Over Grand Canyon
A TWA Super Constellation and a United Airlines DC-7 collided in mid-air above the Grand Canyon, resulting in the crash of both aircraft and the death of all 128 people aboard. The incident occurred due to air traffic control miscommunications and a lack of radar coverage, which resulted in both planes being on a collision course. As a consequence of the disaster, significant changes were made in aviation safety regulations to prevent similar tragedies in the future.
Continue ReadingF-100 Super Sabre Crash at Elementary School
A United States Air Force F-100 Super Sabre from Kadena Air Base in Okinawa tragically crashed into a nearby elementary school, resulting in the deaths of 11 students and six local residents. The aircraft experienced a mechanical failure shortly after takeoff, leading to the catastrophic incident. Emergency responders quickly arrived at the scene to assist the victims and their families. This event garnered significant media attention and raised awareness about military aircraft safety protocols and the potential impact on civilian areas during training operations.
Continue ReadingBelgian Congo Becomes Republic of the Congo
On June 30, 1960, Belgian Congo gained independence and became the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville), marking a significant milestone in its history. The change was finalized during a ceremony that featured national celebrations and the transfer of power from Belgian officials to Congolese leaders. Patrice Lumumba was appointed as the first Prime Minister, symbolizing the start of self-governance for the nation. This event marked the culmination of years of political movements and unrest aimed at ending colonial rule, reflecting the aspirations of the Congolese people for independence and sovereignty.
Continue ReadingCiaculli Bombing Targets Mafia Boss Greco
A car bomb intended for Mafia boss Salvatore Greco exploded, killing seven police officers and military personnel in Ciaculli, near Palermo. The attack aimed to eliminate Greco but resulted in the tragic loss of life among law enforcement. This violent incident illustrated the extent of Mafia influence in Sicily and the dangers faced by those combating organized crime.
Continue ReadingFormation of the National Organization for Women
The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 in Washington, D.C., by a group of feminists seeking to advocate for women's rights. The founders, including Betty Friedan, were motivated by the need for a national feminist voice on issues such as gender equality, workplace rights, and reproductive freedom. NOW aimed to mobilize women across the United States to challenge discrimination and advance the women's movement through political advocacy, activism, and education.
Continue ReadingPope Paul VI Issues Credo of the People of God
Pope Paul VI formally promulgated the 'Credo of the People of God', affirming core Catholic beliefs in light of the changes brought by the Second Vatican Council. This document was significant for outlining the Church's position on faith and reinforcing traditional doctrines amid evolving social contexts. Celebrated on June 30 at the Vatican, it served both as a response to concerns about secularization and as a guide for the faithful.
Continue ReadingTragic loss of the Soyuz 11 crew
The Soviet Soyuz 11 mission culminated in a disaster when a fault in the spacecraft's air valve caused rapid depressurization, resulting in the deaths of its three cosmonauts. The crew, consisting of Georgi Dobrovolski, Viktor Patsayev, and Vladislav Volkov, had successfully completed their mission aboard the Salyut 1 space station before the catastrophic event occurred during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere. The loss marked a significant setback for the Soviet space program and prompted investigations into safety protocols for future manned spaceflights.
Continue ReadingIntroduction of the First Leap Second
The first leap second was added to the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) system to account for irregularities in the Earth's rotation. This adjustment was necessary due to variations in the Earth's speed of rotation and the need for timekeeping accuracy in scientific, technological, and navigational applications. The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) coordinated this adjustment, marking a significant milestone in timekeeping history by ensuring that atomic time remained in sync with astronomical observations.
Continue ReadingConcorde 001 Follows Moon's Shadow
On this remarkable day, Concorde 001, the world's first supersonic passenger aircraft, successfully intercepted the path of a total solar eclipse. As it flew over the Atlantic, the aircraft was able to extend its observation of the total eclipse by following the moon's shadow. This unique airborne experience allowed passengers to witness the eclipse in a way that has never been replicated.
Continue ReadingBeginning of the Baltimore Municipal Strike
In June 1974, city workers in Baltimore initiated a strike demanding better wages and working conditions. The action involved various municipal workers including sanitation employees, public health workers, and maintenance staff. As tensions rose, their absence significantly impacted city services. Union leaders stressed the need for higher wages to match inflation and improve job conditions, illustrating the growing labor discontent within the city. The strike escalated as the workers sought support from the community and allied unions.
Continue ReadingSoutheast Asia Treaty Organization Disbands
The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, established in 1954 to counter communist expansion in Southeast Asia, officially disbanded following a meeting of its member nations in 1977. Declining political relevance due to the changing geopolitical landscape, particularly with the end of the Vietnam War, led to the cessation of its activities. The organization witnessed increasing divergence in member interests and priorities, prompting the decision to formally dissolve.
Continue ReadingRelease of American Hostages from TWA Flight 847
Thirty-nine American hostages from TWA Flight 847 were released in Beirut after being held captive for 17 days. The flight was hijacked on June 14, 1985, by members of the Islamic Jihad Organization, who demanded the release of prisoners held in Israel. Under intense negotiations, the hostages' release represented a significant moment in U.S.-Middle Eastern relations during a tumultuous period marked by political tension and unresolved conflicts in the region.
Continue ReadingSupreme Court Decision on Bowers v. Hardwick
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Bowers v. Hardwick, affirming that states could enforce laws criminalizing homosexual acts between consenting adults. The case arose after Michael Hardwick was charged under Georgia's sodomy law, leading to a legal battle regarding the broader right to privacy. The Court's decision, which was contentious and led to widespread national debate, emphasized issues surrounding personal liberties and state interests in regulating sexual conduct.
Continue ReadingCoup in Sudan ousts elected government leaders
On June 30, a coup led by the National Islamic Front took place in Sudan, resulting in the ousting of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani. The coup was orchestrated primarily by Lieutenant Colonel Omar al-Bashir, who seized control amidst a backdrop of economic difficulties, civil strife, and political instability. The coup leaders aimed to establish a government that aligned with their Islamic ideologies, marking a decisive shift in Sudan's political landscape.
Continue ReadingEconomic Integration of East and West Germany
East and West Germany agreed to unify their economies, culminating in a series of economic agreements that aligned the former socialist state with the capitalist West. This integration aimed to create a single economic landscape, addressing disparities in productivity and living standards. The process began shortly after the Berlin Wall fell, as both governments worked to restore economic stability and growth.
Continue ReadingMalta's Local Councils Act Restructures Governance
Malta introduced a new Local Councils Act, officially subdividing the nation into 68 local councils, aimed at improving local governance and community representation. This reform was significant for enhancing democracy at the local level, allowing for more localized decision-making. The Act provided a framework for councils to address local issues more effectively, increasing citizen participation in governance.
Continue ReadingAirbus A330-300 Crash During Test Flight
During a test flight of the Airbus A330-300 at Toulouse–Blagnac Airport, the aircraft crashed, resulting in the deaths of all seven people on board. The tragedy raised significant concerns about the aircraft's design and safety protocols. Described as a highly anticipated event for the European aerospace industry, the test was crucial for the development of the new passenger aircraft. Investigators focused on determining the cause of the crash and analyzing the aircraft's performance data.
Continue ReadingFailed Terrorist Attack at Glasgow Airport
A Jeep Cherokee loaded with propane canisters barreled into the entrance of Glasgow Airport, Scotland, aiming to cause mass destruction. The assailants, linked to the previous day's London car bomb attempts, intended to detonate the vehicle filled with gas. The attack was thwarted when the vehicle crashed and caught fire, preventing a larger disaster.
Continue ReadingYemenia Flight 626 crashes in Indian Ocean
Yemenia Flight 626, an Airbus A310-300, plunged into the Indian Ocean near the Comoros islands, resulting in the deaths of 152 passengers and crew members. The flight, which originated from Paris and was en route to Moroni, lost contact with air traffic control before the crash. Among the unfortunate souls was a 14-year-old girl named Bahia Bakari, who remarkably survived the devastating accident, clinging to a piece of debris in the water until she was rescued.
Continue ReadingNineteen Firefighters Die in Yarnell Wildfire
A tragic wildfire in Yarnell, Arizona led to the deaths of 19 firefighters known as the Granite Mountain Hotshots. These firefighters were battling the blaze ignited by dry conditions and erratic winds. They were deployed to conduct direct attack strategies to control the fire but faced unexpected changes that overwhelmed their efforts. The fire rapidly spread due to extreme weather conditions, ultimately resulting in the tragic loss of these brave men.
Continue ReadingMass Protests Against Mohamed Morsi's Presidency
Nationwide protests erupted across Egypt in opposition to President Mohamed Morsi's rule, led by the Freedom and Justice Party. Demonstrators voiced their frustration over economic troubles, political exclusion, and perceived authoritarianism. The protests quickly grew in size and intensity, culminating in widespread calls for Morsi's resignation. These mass mobilizations were marked by significant participation from various political and social groups, indicating a profound dissent within Egyptian society.
Continue ReadingHercules C-130 Crash in Medan
A Hercules C-130 military aircraft crashed in Medan, Indonesia, in a residential area, leading to the death of at least 116 individuals. Onboard were 113 people, including military personnel and their families. The aircraft went down shortly after takeoff, reportedly due to a technical failure. The incident devastated the surrounding community and raised concerns about military aircraft safety in urban environments.
Continue ReadingTrump's Unprecedented Meeting with Kim Jong-un
Donald Trump became the first sitting U.S. President to set foot in North Korea, meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. This historic encounter occurred at the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), where Trump crossed over to the North Korean side. The meeting was spontaneous, highlighting a potential thaw in relations following years of tensions over North Korea's nuclear program. The gesture was aimed at continuing the dialogue around denuclearization and improving bilateral relations.
Continue ReadingTiger Fire Burns Large Area Near Black Canyon City
The Tiger Fire erupted near Black Canyon City, Arizona, igniting numerous firefighting efforts. It consumed approximately 16,278 acres of land. Firefighters faced challenging conditions, including high temperatures and difficult terrain, as they worked tirelessly to contain the blaze. The fire prompted evacuations and road closures, impacting the local community while efforts to control it were underway. Ultimately, the fire was fully contained by July 30, following extensive firefighting strategies.
Continue ReadingTajik ISIS-linked Attack at Chișinău Airport
A Tajik citizen, linked to ISIS and wanted for serious crimes in Tajikistan, opened fire at Chișinău International Airport in Moldova after being denied entry. This attack resulted in the deaths of two individuals, creating panic and chaos at the airport. The assailant was reportedly on the radar of authorities due to previous allegations of murder and kidnapping, highlighting concerns over international security and the movement of individuals connected to terrorist organizations.
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