The coup against Ramón Castillo was a key turning point in Argentine politics. Initiated by elements within the military, the coup saw General Arturo Rawson at the forefront, backed by various factions discontented with the Castillo administration's alignment with the conservative elites and its inability to address pressing social issues, including economic inequalities and labor unrest. Castillo, who had been in power since 1942, struggled with increasing public dissatisfaction and the rise of labor movements. As dissatisfaction grew, political divisions deepened, culminating in the coup plot against him.

On June 4, 1943, the coup was executed with relative ease, as military units rapidly mobilized to secure strategic locations in Buenos Aires. Castillo was swiftly detained, and after a series of negotiations, he was forced to resign, leading to the establishment of a military junta. This new government was marked by a desire to regain control in the face of growing populism and escalating tensions within society. The military's takeover was not merely a power grab but reflected the increasingly polarized political climate of the era, influenced by the ongoing global turmoil of World War II and the rise of populist figures in Latin America.

The aftermath of the coup invited significant changes in military and political dynamics in the country. The junta called for elections and promised to restore order, but the political environment remained volatile, setting the stage for further military interventions in subsequent years. The Coup of 1943 also opened opportunities for Juan Domingo Perón, who rose to prominence in the following years, leveraging the social movements and labor unrest that the Castillo administration had failed to address. As such, the coup marked a significant shift toward alternatives to traditional politics in Argentina, leading to the eventual establishment of a populist government that would dominate the political landscape for decades to come.