In early 2006, a growing momentum for independence within Serbia culminated in a decisive referendum held in May, where over 90% of voters supported a separation from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. This political development reflected the aspirations of the Serbian populace to establish themselves as a sovereign nation following years of complex history marked by previous conflicts and political realignments in the Balkans. On June 5, 2006, the Assembly of Serbia officially announced the country's independence, with Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica affirming the legislative decision to break away from the union, thus paving the way for Serbia to reclaim its status as an independent state.

The declaration was met with mixed reactions domestically and internationally. While many Serbians celebrated the newfound independence and the ability to control their own affairs, there were also concerns regarding potential instability and the future of relations with Montenegro and other neighboring countries. The movement toward independence was recognized by international observers as an expression of democratic will, and soon after, Serbia sought recognition from international bodies, including the United Nations.

The impact of this decision extended beyond Serbia, significantly affecting the geopolitical landscape of the Balkans. With Montenegro also declaring its independence shortly before Serbia, the dissolution of the State Union marked a new chapter for the region, which had already been shaped by prior conflicts and national aspirations. Serbia's emergence as a standalone entity would set the stage for ongoing dialogue regarding its status, governance, and international relations.