In the late 19th century, European powers were in a scramble for territory in Africa, fueled by the desires for resources and trade routes. King Leopold II of Belgium was particularly fervent about acquiring land in the Congo River basin, which he accessed through a series of treaties with local leaders, as well as through the notorious 'Congo Free State,' established during the Berlin Conference. Convened to regulate European colonization, this conference granted Leopold control of the vast region, allowing him to establish a regime free of Belgian oversight. He aimed to extract valuable resources while promoting an agenda of civilization through purported humanitarian efforts.

The Congo Free State became notorious for its exploitative labor practices, particularly with rubber harvesting, which was in high demand during this era. The administration implemented harsh abuses, where many local inhabitants were subjected to violent enforcement to meet quotas. Notably, under Leopold's regime, it is estimated that millions of Congolese perished or suffered horrific conditions due to forced labor and disease.

International outrage over these practices grew, culminating in a humanitarian campaign led by public figures and missionaries which highlighted the abuses. This movement eventually forced Belgium to take over the administration of the Congo in 1908. The legacy of Leopold's rule left deep scars on the Congolese society, contributing to ongoing conflict and exploitation that continued well into the 20th century.