The Treaty of Berlin convened in June and early July of 1878, involving major European powers such as Austria-Hungary, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and Russia. This treaty was a response to the outcomes of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), which had resulted in significant territorial losses for the Ottoman Empire and sparked widespread nationalistic movements in the Balkans. Central to the treaty was the need to stabilize the Balkan region, with major European powers seeking to avoid the expansion of Russian influence. The treaty culminated in the recognition of the complete independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania from Ottoman rule, thus altering the geopolitical landscape. Additionally, Bulgaria was established as an autonomous principality under nominal Ottoman suzerainty, though it did not gain full independence until later.The borders outlined by the Treaty of Berlin were contentious, leading to future conflicts and dissatisfaction among newly formed states. The redefined boundaries reflected not just the aspirations of local populations but also the strategic interests of the great powers involved in the negotiations. Austria-Hungary was awarded Bosnia and Herzegovina as an occupied territory, setting the stage for future tensions with Serbia, which sought to unite the South Slavic peoples. This complex mix of national ambitions and great power politics characterized the aftermath of the treaty, laying groundwork for unresolved issues that would contribute to conflicts in the 20th century.