The transfer of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory from the Hudson's Bay Company to the Dominion of Canada is a pivotal moment in Canadian history. The Hudson's Bay Company, which had exercised control over a vast area of North America since the 17th century, agreed to transfer its territorial rights in 1869. Faced with challenges in governance and increasing interest from settlers and the Canadian government, this agreement sought to bring stability and order to the region. Negotiations culminated in the British Parliament's passage of the Rupert's Land Act in 1870, which enabled the land transfer.

This transfer enabled the creation of Manitoba as a province, based on the terms of the act and the aspirations of the Métis people under Louis Riel, who sought rights and recognition in the new configuration of governance. The province of Manitoba was formally established in 1870, marking the beginning of a new chapter for the Indigenous Peoples, settlers, and the newly formed Canadian administration. Additionally, the Northwest Territories were created to encompass remaining areas of these vast lands.

The impact of this land transfer fostered agricultural and economic development in these regions, leading to an influx of settlers. It also resulted in significant changes for the Indigenous peoples, as their lands and rights were compromised during the rapid expansion of Canadian governance. The integration of these territories played a key role in shaping Canada's identity, influencing policies and relationships between settlers and Indigenous populations for years to come.