The Battle of Castillon, fought in Gascony, was a pivotal confrontation that resulted in a decisive victory for the French forces under the competent command of Jean Bureau. As the last notable skirmish of the protracted Hundred Years' War, it underscored the tensions and ongoing struggles between England and France for control over French territories. The English army, led by the Earl of Shrewsbury, faced an uphill battle against the well-prepared French who had developed superior artillery techniques that significantly outmatched English capabilities at the time. Bureau’s innovative strategies and focus on artillery played a crucial role in crippling the English defenses.

The battle commenced amidst shifting allegiances and strained resources, as the English aimed to maintain their foothold in the region. Despite their long-standing prowess in previous engagements, the Earl of Shrewsbury's forces struggled to adapt to the new battlefield realities established by Bureau. In an intense flurry of fighting, Shrewsbury was killed, leading to disarray within the English ranks. The devastating defeat not only eliminated a key commander for England but also paved the way for France to reclaim significant portions of territory in Gascony, effectively marking a turning point in the Hundred Years' War.

The aftermath of Castillon saw France consolidate its control over Aquitaine and further diminished English influence on the continent. It signaled the end of major military campaigns for England in France, leading to a shift in English focus towards internal conflicts, including the Wars of the Roses. As French morale surged, the victory at Castillon embodied not just a military triumph but also a nationalistic resurgence that would resonate in French history for years to come.