The Siege of Boulogne commenced as part of the broader conflict known as the Italian War of 1542–46, primarily between France and England, with both powers vying for territorial supremacy in Italy and the surrounding Mediterranean region. Boulogne, situated in northern France, had been under English control since 1544 after being captured by King Henry VIII. Its strategic location made it imperative for both nations to control, as it served as a crucial access point to the English Channel and beyond. With the ongoing tensions from previous battles, the siege was a direct attempt by French King Francis I to reclaim this vital asset.

Francis I assembled a formidable army, aiming to project strength and secure Boulogne through a combination of artillery fire and sieging tactics. This military maneuver aimed to demoralize the English defenders, forcing them into submission. The English forces were led by Thomas Howard, who was tasked with holding the city against the pressing French assault. The siege involved extensive fortifications, skirmishes, and brave attempts to break the siege both from inside and outside the city, with each side vying for control over the strategically invaluable city.

The Franco-English conflict over Boulogne was marked by significant military advancements, including new strategies and technologies in siege warfare. The siege saw the use of cannons and newly developed fortification techniques, showcasing the evolving nature of military strategies during this period. As the siege progressed, various tactics, including mining operations and counter-siege measures, came into play, reflecting the complexity of warfare during the Renaissance. The standoff lasted for months, highlighting the intensity of the conflict and the lengths both nations were willing to go for victory.