The conquest of Hanoi by Emperor Gia Long in 1802 signified the conclusion of a long-standing period of feudal warfare in Vietnam. Following decades of fragmentation and internal conflict among various feudal lords, Gia Long, known pre-reign as Nguyen Phuc Anh, emerged as a unifying figure. His military campaigns began in earnest during the late 18th century, as he sought to establish a single, cohesive state. Following a protracted struggle against rival factions, including the Tay Son Rebellion and other regional powers, he strategically captured key territories across Vietnam, culminating in the siege of Hanoi.

The fall of Hanoi represented not merely a military victory but also a strategic consolidation of power. After taking the city, Gia Long proclaimed himself Emperor, stating that his reign aimed to restore stability and prosperity to the nation. His victories were characterized by alliances and local support from various factions that recognized the need for unity against external threats, particularly from the French, who were beginning to establish their presence in Indochina. The unification under the Nguyen Dynasty set the stage for significant administrative reforms and centralized governance.

With the establishment of a centralized administrative system, the Nguyen Dynasty introduced various reforms that would impact everything from taxation to public infrastructure. The construction of canals and roads facilitated trade and communication, promoting economic growth across Vietnam. Furthermore, the cultural sphere witnessed a resurgence during Gia Long's reign, as he endeavored to create a consolidated Vietnamese identity rooted in Confucian principles and historical narratives. The consequences of this period would echo through subsequent generations, affecting Vietnam's socio-political landscape for years to come.