Phạm Tuân's journey into space was part of the Intercosmos program, an initiative by the Soviet Union aimed at fostering scientific collaboration and strengthening ties with allied socialist countries. The Soyuz 37 mission launched on July 23, 1980, included Tuân, representing Vietnam, and Soviet cosmonaut Viktor Gorbatko. This mission was especially significant as it marked a pivotal moment in Vietnamese history, showcasing the country's aspirations in space exploration and strengthening its position on the global stage. The trip lasted approximately seven days and involved a series of scientific experiments in space, including studying the effects of microgravity on various biological samples.

During his time aboard the Soyuz spacecraft, Tuân participated in various research projects focusing on fields such as medicine and physics. The experience also served as a critical platform for Vietnam to display its technological capabilities and demonstrate its commitment to advancing space science. The collaboration highlighted the fusion of science and diplomacy during the Cold War, as nations leveraged space exploration to foster peaceful relations despite geopolitical tensions.

Upon his return, Tuân was celebrated as a national hero in Vietnam, with his achievement becoming a source of inspiration for future generations of Vietnamese scientists and astronauts. His successful mission symbolized not just personal achievement but also the potential for Vietnam's contribution to international scientific endeavors and the encouragement for more significant investment in education and technology within the country.