The Surrey Iron Railway began its operations in south London as a pioneering project in the early 19th century. Constructed primarily for goods transport, it connected urban areas such as Croydon and Wandsworth, aiming to facilitate efficient trade. The railway utilized a series of metal rails, allowing horse-drawn vehicles to travel across them with less friction compared to traditional roads. This innovation not only lessened the time taken to transport goods but also significantly reduced wear on the carts and the road infrastructure.

The railway was conceived during a period marked by industrial advancements and a growing recognition of transportation's role in economic development. The concept was championed by figures such as John H. G. L. M. D. Smith, who was instrumental in its construction. Initial trials demonstrated the feasibility of moving bulky goods more swiftly than ever before, giving merchants a new means of reaching their customers. Commercial success encouraged the expansion of similar railways that would soon define the Victorian era.

While it was primarily used for goods, the Surrey Iron Railway laid the groundwork for future developments in both passenger and freight railway systems. The impact of this line extended beyond local transport; it ignited a nationwide railway boom, ushering in new technologies and logistical practices that would facilitate the Industrial Revolution. By effectively combining engineering with economic need, the railway inspired a new way of thinking about infrastructure and connectivity, ultimately leading to the expansive railway networks of the 19th century.