The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) came into existence with the intent of placing nuclear energy at the service of peace, health, and prosperity worldwide. The establishment was prompted by the increased use of nuclear technology during the 1940s and 1950s and the pressing need for governance in this new field. Recognizing the dual-use nature of nuclear energy—where research and developments can contribute both to significant benefits and potential threats—representatives from 81 countries convened in Vienna, Austria, to initiate a framework of collaboration. The IAEA's statute was adopted at this conference, outlining its mission and structure.

The agency's guiding principles emphasize safety and security, with a focus on civil nuclear power that facilitates technological exchange and capacity building among nations. This initiative was particularly crucial given the tensions of the Cold War, as the proliferation of nuclear weapons posed a significant global concern. The IAEA was thus vested with the responsibility of monitoring nuclear activities to ensure compliance with treaties and to help states implement nuclear safety standards. Its establishment was not just a regulatory framework but also an avenue for fostering collaboration among countries to harness nuclear energy's potential responsibly.

In the years following its formation, the IAEA played pivotal roles in various international efforts, including the establishment of safeguards to prevent the diversion of nuclear energy for military use. Additionally, it has been instrumental in providing technical assistance and promoting research on nuclear technology’s applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental protection, showcasing the beneficial aspects of nuclear science while maintaining safety standards. This dual focus has allowed the IAEA to contribute to global sustainability and security through the peaceful use of nuclear energy.