Fidel Castro, the long-time ruler of Cuba, publicly announced the transfer of power to his younger brother, Raúl Castro, following a serious health crisis that required him to undergo surgery. This decision was significant as it marked a pivotal moment in Cuban politics, potentially setting in motion a shift in leadership within the country that had been dominated by Fidel's vision since the 1959 Revolution. The announcement was made on the 31st of July, 2006, in a letter published in the official state newspaper, Granma. Fidel revealed that he had undergone surgery for an intestinal ailment and would be temporarily relinquishing control as he recuperated.

Raúl Castro had long been considered the successor to Fidel Castro and had been involved in the administration of Cuba for several decades. While the transfer of power was initially presented as a temporary measure, it raised significant questions regarding the continuity of governance and the future political landscape in Cuba. Raúl was a key figure in the Cuban military and had worked closely with his brother in shaping national policies. The event was closely monitored by not only citizens of Cuba but also by the international community, concerned about the potential implications for U.S.-Cuba relations and regional stability.

Since Fidel was a prominent figure in the Cold War, his health issues and subsequent transfer of power to Raúl indicated a shift in the political dynamics of the island. The transition was seen as crucial for examining how the policies of Raúl would differ from those of Fidel, particularly regarding economic reforms and the regime's approach to dissent and international relations. This moment also ignited discussions about generational change in leadership, not just in Cuba but across Latin America, as various countries were experiencing transitions in political power.