Operation Banner began in August 1969 as a response to increasing civil unrest during the Northern Ireland Troubles, which involved violent conflict largely between nationalist Catholics and unionist Protestants. The British Army was initially deployed to restore order and protect civil rights demonstrators. Over the decades, the operation evolved into a long-term military presence that saw over 300,000 soldiers deployed in various capacities. The deployment was highly controversial and often viewed through the lens of political and social dynamics, as well as human rights considerations.

With the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, a peace process was initiated, leading to significant political shifts and decreased military engagement over the years. As security improved, the British Army's role diminished, culminating in the decision to end Operation Banner. This transition was marked by the withdrawal of the last remaining armed forces, acknowledging a move towards normalcy and the empowerment of local police forces and political institutions.

The end of Operation Banner was officially declared on July 31, 2007, and represented a pivotal moment in Northern Ireland's history, solidifying the progress made in peace and reconciliation. This cessation of military operations underscored the transformation of Northern Irish society and the hope for a peaceful future, diversifying governance through local initiatives.