The Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to discuss the growing tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain, culminating in a historic decision. The Declaration of Independence was drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson, incorporating ideas from Enlightenment philosophers who emphasized individual rights and government by consent. On July 4, delegates officially adopted the document, which declared the colonies as free and independent states, absolving their allegiance to the British Crown. The Declaration was not merely a call for independence; it was a purposeful articulation of the colonies' values and principles, outlining a government’s responsibility to protect the people’s rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

The adoption was celebrated with fanfare, including public readings and celebrations, though much of the population was initially unaware of this monumental shift in governance. The Declaration marked a radical departure from traditional monarchical governance, echoing through future global movements for democracy. The document went on to become an enduring symbol of American ideals. The process of drafting involved contentious debates over its language, with figures like John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and others contributing to its final form. The adoption set off a wave of revolutionary fervor, igniting a broader movement that directly influenced the Revolutionary War, altering the course of history for the newly formed nation.