The Convention of Artlenburg was an agreement signed in early July 1803 that allowed French troops to occupy the Electorate of Hanover. Hanover had been ruled by King George III of Great Britain, who was simultaneously the Prince-elector of Hanover. This dual position created significant tensions as Britain and France were on opposite sides in the burgeoning Napoleonic Wars. The occupation by French forces not only indicated France's ambition to expand its influence in Northern Europe but also represented a key strategic move against Britain amid the escalating conflict between these two nations.

The negotiations leading to the convention occurred against a backdrop of shifting alliances and emerging hostilities, as major powers in Europe eyed each other's territories. The French aimed to secure their northern flank by taking control of Hanover, effectively removing a critical German ally from Britain's orbit. The French invasion brought about a swift occupation, forcing Hanover's leaders to comply under duress. The occupation lasted until the end of the Napoleonic conflicts and was a clear demonstration of France's military prowess during this period.

The implications of this event extended beyond immediate territorial control. The occupation of Hanover marked a significant alteration in the balance of power in Europe, signaling the beginning of a series of conflicts and confrontations that would shape the continent's political landscape for years to come. Furthermore, this occupation deepened the animosity between France and Britain, leading to increased military engagements and the eventual uprise that formed the basis for the War of the Fourth Coalition.