The Battle of Poltava was fought near the town of Poltava, which is now in Ukraine, and it was a pivotal conflict in the Great Northern War between Russia and Sweden. This war began in 1700, when a coalition of powers sought to challenge Sweden's dominance in northeastern Europe. Charles XII of Sweden, renowned for his military prowess, aimed to eliminate Russia as a competitor. However, Peter I of Russia had been reforming and modernizing his army, and he aimed for a decisive confrontation to assert Russia's rising power.

The battle commenced on July 8, 1709, with the Russian forces numbering around 45,000 against the Swedish forces, which were estimated at about 30,000. Despite their smaller numbers, the Russians employed effective tactics and had the advantage of fortified positions. The battle was characterized by intense combat and strategic maneuvers, resulting in a catastrophic defeat for the Swedes. Charles XII managed to escape, but most of his army was captured or killed, leading to a significant loss of Swedish military power.

The aftermath of Poltava marked the decline of Swedish influence in Europe. It shifted the balance of power, as Russia emerged as a major player in European politics. This victory established Peter I as a formidable leader, enabling him to expand Russian territories and influence, which had lasting implications for both Russia and its neighbors. The defeat for Sweden represented the end of its status as a great power, leading to decades of territorial losses and wars.