Catherine II's rise to the throne began with her marriage to Peter III, a grand duke of Russia. However, their relationship was strained due to Peter's unpopular rule and his approach to governance, which alienated many of the nobility and military leaders. Dissatisfaction with his leadership grew, and Catherine cleverly built a support network among key factions within the Russian elite and military. On July 9, 1762, with the backing of influential nobles and troops, she launched a coup against Peter III. She declared her claim to the throne, citing his mismanagement and the need for stability in Russia.

The coup was executed with minimal violence, largely due to the existing support for Catherine. Peter III was arrested and eventually assassinated under dubious circumstances in August 1762. Once she secured her rule, Catherine worked to legitimize her power and implemented reforms that would enhance the welfare of the Russian Empire. She became one of Russia's most notable rulers, famous for promoting the arts, education, and Western influences in her country. Her reign marked a period known as the Golden Age of Russia, which helped shape the modern Russian state.

Catherine's accession to the throne not only altered the trajectory of Russian politics but also had profound implications for Europe's balance of power. Her vision for Russia included territorial expansion and reforms that would lead to significant cultural and political developments, promoting Russia's role as a major European power. The repercussions of this transition in leadership are felt even in contemporary discussions about the legacy of Russian autocracy and governance.