The Treaty of Noyon took place in a context of ongoing rivalry between France and Spain, two of the most powerful states in Europe at the time. The signing occurred after several military confrontations over territories in Italy, particularly Naples and Milan, which were highly coveted due to their strategic positions and wealth. The treaty was significant for Francis I, who sought to consolidate his power and secure recognition of his claims to Milan, a city critical for its economic and military value. Charles V, who inherited vast territories across Europe, was focused on stabilizing his rule, particularly in Italy, and this agreement allowed him to solidify his claims to Naples without further encroachment from France. Hence, both leaders aimed to achieve long-term peace and strategic advantages through this treaty.

The treaty itself was not just a matter of territorial claims; it represented a broader understanding and a temporary reprieve from hostilities. The agreements reached in Noyon were essential in shaping future relations between these monarchs and had lasting implications for the geopolitical landscape of Europe. The negotiation and signing were backed by both leaders' desire to avert a full-blown war, which would destabilize not only their realms but the entire region. Thus, while it was a diplomatic victory for both sides, it also represented a pragmatic approach to handling their contentious relationship.

Moreover, the Treaty of Noyon paved the way for future agreements and rivalries, as it was clear that peace in Europe was fragile and temporarily achieved through such treaties. The action taken at Noyon highlighted the significance of diplomacy in an era frequently marked by warfare, and it set a precedent for how territorial disputes could be negotiated rather than fought over in bloody confrontations.