The Boxer Rebellion, which erupted in China in 1899, was driven by deep-seated grievances against foreign imperialist powers and resentment toward missionaries and converts. It was characterized by violent uprisings primarily led by the 'Boxers', a secret society known for their martial arts skills. The Qing Dynasty found itself under siege, and in response to the growing crisis, the Eight-Nation Alliance – consisting of Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary – intervened militarily. Their intent was not only to suppress the Boxers but also to protect their citizens and interests in China.

The battle for Beijing escalated significantly in early August 1900, as Allied forces advanced toward the city. After fierce clashes over several weeks, the coalition troops succeeded in breaching the city’s defenses and entered Beijing on August 14. The occupation marked a pivotal moment in Chinese history, as foreign troops patrolled the capital, effectively diminishing Chinese sovereignty in the face of overwhelming foreign military power. The Allied forces looted, and the subsequent violence against local populations exacerbated tensions between China and the foreign powers.

Following the occupation, a series of punitive measures were instituted against the Qing Dynasty. The Boxer Protocol, signed in September 1901, established harsh reparations and allowed for foreign military presence in Beijing. This conflict highlighted the vulnerability of Qing rule and the significant influence that foreign powers held in China. It also sowed the seeds of both nationalist sentiment and reform movements that would follow in the early 20th century.