The signing of the Assam Accord marks a significant moment in the sociopolitical landscape of Assam and India as a whole. The Assam Movement, which began in the late 1970s, was primarily a response to concerns about illegal immigration from Bangladesh and its perceived impact on the demographics and culture of Assam. The movement was characterized by widespread protests, strikes, and a call for the rights of Assamese people. Leaders of the movement argued that the influx of immigrants threatened their linguistic, cultural, and economic status. The agitation led to a politically charged atmosphere, resulting in violence and substantial loss of life.

Negotiations between the leaders of the Assam Movement and the Government of India culminated in the signing of the Assam Accord. The agreement focused on several crucial aspects: it stipulated the detection and deportation of illegal immigrants, the safeguard of Assamese culture and identity, and the provision of political and economic opportunities for the local populace. The accord aimed to quell the unrest effectively and promised developmental initiatives to boost the local economy. Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, a key figure in the movement, became the Chief Minister of Assam shortly after the signing, symbolizing a new phase in governance for the region.

The Assam Accord also included provisions for a time-bound solution, wherein the affected communities were to be rehabilitated, and measures were taken to ensure peace and stability in the region. The agreement received mixed reactions; while many saw it as a fulfillment of the long-standing demands of the Assamese people, others felt that it did not fully address all concerns surrounding illegal immigration. The successful implementation of the accord aimed to lay the groundwork for lasting peace in Assam.