The Migratory Bird Treaty stemmed from growing concerns in the early 20th century regarding the rapid decline in the populations of migratory birds, largely due to unregulated hunting and habitat destruction. Prior to the signing, species such as the passenger pigeon faced dramatic reductions in numbers, prompting action from various conservationists. The treaty was formally signed on August 16, 1916, by Canadian officials and representatives from the United States, highlighting an early collaborative effort in environmental conservation between the two countries.

The agreement initially focused on protecting several migratory bird species from overhunting and habitat loss. It laid the groundwork for shared responsibilities and joint efforts in the protection of migratory birds, including measures that prohibited the take of certain species during specific seasons. With the treaty's implementation, regulatory frameworks began to take shape, leading to stricter laws governing hunting practices and the designation of protected areas for migratory birds.

This strategic alliance reflected a growing awareness of the ecological balance necessary for sustaining wildlife and marked a significant policy shift towards conservation. The treaty was later expanded to include amendments that addressed newer challenges faced by migratory bird populations and reinforced Canada's and the United States' commitment to protecting these vital resources through continued collaboration on wildlife management and conservation efforts.