The election of Prospero Lambertini as Pope Benedict XIV marked a pivotal moment in the history of the Catholic Church. After the death of Pope Clement XII in July 1740, the papal conclave commenced in Rome, where cardinals gathered to select a new leader. Lambertini, known for his erudition and diplomatic skills, emerged as a consensus candidate who could unite various factions within the Church. He was ordained a cardinal in 1724 and served in various capacities, demonstrating a balanced approach to theology and governance.

Benedict XIV undertook a range of reforms during his papacy, which focused on vital issues such as education, missionary work, and the moral guidance of the clergy. One of the standout features of his leadership was an emphasis on promoting the sciences, the arts, and education, aligning the Church more closely with contemporary intellectual movements. He firmly believed that the Church should engage with the modern world rather than retreat from it. His papacy also saw the establishment of new dioceses and a significant expansion of the Catholic missions in newly colonized areas, reflecting his commitment to evangelization and outreach.

Though his papacy lasted until 1758, the foundations laid during his tenure had lasting effects on the Church's relationship with European society and the emerging ideas brought forth by the Enlightenment. His efforts aimed at intellectual engagement and moral authority helped to shape the Church's future direction, marking his pontificate as a time of both continuity and change.