In August 1960, Senegal took a decisive step toward embracing its sovereignty by officially declaring independence from the Mali Federation. This federation, established in January 1960 between Senegal and the Sudanese Republic (present-day Mali), was intended to foster cooperation and unity among Francophone West African states. However, it rapidly became clear that significant differences existed between the two nations, particularly in governance and national policy, leading to mounting tensions. Senegal's leadership, particularly under Léopold Sédar Senghor, championed the idea of a distinct national identity separate from the federation's overarching political framework.

The decision to part ways stemmed from a culmination of factors, including Ethiopia’s pan-African influence, local sentiments for unification under a singular Senegalese identity, and a deep-seated desire for self-rule following decades of French colonial rule. The declaration effectively ended a four-month experiment in federation, allowing Senegal to pursue its own path toward national development free from external influence.

Léopold Sédar Senghor emerged as a key figure during this transition, advocating for cultural and political independence that resonated throughout popular circles in Senegal. His vision embraced not just political change but also the incorporation of Senegalese culture into the national fabric. Following the declaration, Senegal moved quickly to establish structures of governance and international recognition, ultimately becoming a significant player in post-colonial Africa in the decades that followed.