The proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Romania occurred after the enactment of a new constitution that fundamentally transformed the country's political landscape. This change was initiated by Nicolae Ceaușescu and the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), who aimed to strengthen the position of communism in Romania. The constitution enshrined the state’s control over all aspects of society, including the economy and social welfare, marking a decisive shift toward a more totalitarian governance structure.

The new constitution, adopted with little public input, emphasized the leading role of the Communist Party in all state functions. This framework allowed Ceaușescu to consolidate power, eventually leading to his ascension to the role of General Secretary of the PCR. The adoption of the new constitution was more than just a political maneuver; it signified a commitment to a Marxist-Leninist ideology and a pivot toward Soviet influence, seeking to align Romania with Moscow in terms of foreign policy and internal governance.

This reorganization was also a response to the thawing of relations between Eastern Bloc nations and the West, as the PCR aimed to assert its authority and legitimacy among other socialist states. Romania's leaders believed that proclaiming a socialist republic would signal both stability and progress to the Romanian populace and international observers, demonstrating the country’s commitment to socialist principles and collective governance.