The Second Federal Republic of Mexico came into existence as a direct response to the country's political turmoil exacerbated by external threats, specifically the Mexican-American War. The backdrop of this establishment was characterized by internal divisions, especially the ongoing struggle between liberal and conservative factions within Mexico. With the United States' military actions threatening the country's sovereignty, Mexican politicians realized that a unified, republican approach was crucial for survival. On August 22, 1846, in an ambitious effort to promote federalism, a provisional government was set up in Mexico City targeting the re-establishment of constitutional order.

The establishment of the Second Federal Republic was marked by significant civic and military leaders advocating for reforms that aimed to balance power and uphold civil liberties. The new government faced intense opposition, as both conservatives and liberals had different visions for Mexico’s future. Nevertheless, the formation of this republic signified a crucial turning point for governance in Mexico, echoing calls for democratic principles and federalism during a time of great conflict.

With numerous challenges to its authority, including continued warfare and political fragmentation, the Second Federal Republic struggled to maintain legitimacy and effectiveness. Nevertheless, it laid the groundwork for discussions on governance that would influence future movements in the country. The ideals associated with this republic, particularly regarding the promotion of civil rights and federalism, became integral to Mexican political discourse, inspiring future generations in their struggles for democracy and governance.