The Treaty of Córdoba marked a significant moment in Mexican history by formally ending the Mexican War of Independence, which had started in 1810. This treaty was signed in Córdoba, Veracruz, after several years of conflict against Spanish colonial rule. The principal figures involved in this agreement were Agustín de Iturbide, who had formerly been a loyalist general and later sided with the independence movement, and Vicente Guerrero, a leading figure in the fight for independence. This agreement established Mexico's sovereignty and set a precedent for the formation of a new government independent of Spain’s dominion.

The treaty consisted of various articles that outlined the responsibilities of the newly established Mexican government, including the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The acknowledgment of independence was a pivotal outcome, as it marked the culmination of a protracted struggle and the desire for self-governance among Mexicans. Iturbide would later unilaterally declare himself Emperor of Mexico, which led to further internal conflicts, showcasing the complexities that arose from the treaty.

The Treaty of Córdoba's provisions reflect the transitional period Mexico was entering. With independence secured, Mexico faced the challenge of establishing a stable government structure, navigating its economic status, and addressing its diverse population’s needs. The agreements reached also signified a shift in power dynamics and the beginning of a new era, setting the stage for the country’s future political landscape as it sought to forge its identity independent of colonial powers.