Italy had initially remained neutral at the outset of World War I in 1914, despite having an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. However, the allure of territorial expansion and favorable post-war settlements led Italy to reevaluate its position. The country entered the conflict on the side of the Allies, primarily to reclaim territories such as South Tyrol, Trentino, and Istria, all claimed by Italy but held by Austria-Hungary. As the war progressed, the Italian military faced significant challenges, particularly during the austere battles at the Isonzo River, led by General Luigi Cadorna.

The declaration of war on Germany signified a fuller commitment to the Allied cause, coming after Italy’s initial military engagements on the Eastern Front against Austro-Hungarian forces. By moving against Germany as well, Italy aimed to create a two-front struggle for the Central Powers, thereby alleviating pressure on Allied forces elsewhere. The declaration also solidified Italy’s diplomatic alignment with the likes of France and the United Kingdom, who sought a robust Italian front to distract and divide enemy resources.

Although Italy achieved some early victories, the war took a heavy toll on the nation. Poor military leadership, difficult battles against well-entrenched forces, and inadequate preparation contributed to significant losses. The end of the war saw Italy gaining some territories; however, the post-war environment also led to political instability and social unrest, paving the way for radical changes in Italian politics in the following decades.