Pope Urban IV, born Jacques Pantaléon, ascended to the papacy following the death of Pope Alexander IV, whose reign ended after a series of turbulent years filled with political battles that weakened the Roman Church's position in Europe. Urban IV was elected in a politically charged environment, marked by disputes between various factions within the Church and external pressures from monarchs throughout Europe. His election was a crucial moment, as the Church was seeking stability and a strong leadership presence to address the challenges it faced during this period.

One of Urban IV's key contributions was the formalization of the Feast of Corpus Christi in 1264, which underscored the importance of the Eucharist—a central aspect of Catholic belief and worship. This liturgical celebration not only emphasized the belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist but also helped foster greater devotion among the faithful. Urban IV’s papacy provided an opportunity to reaffirm Catholic doctrines and unify believers, reflecting the Church’s effort to consolidate its teachings amidst growing dissent and various theological disputes of the time.

Urban IV’s leadership also navigated the delicate balance of power between the papacy and secular rulers in Europe. His tenure, though relatively short-lived, initiated important dialogues concerning ecclesiastical and political authority and set precedents for future popes. Overall, Urban IV's papacy is remembered for its focus on enhancing the liturgical life of the Church and reinforcing its theological foundations.