Cetshwayo kaMpande's ascension to the Zulu throne marked a pivotal point in the history of the Zulu kingdom and in Southern Africa. His father, Mpande, had ruled the Zulu people for several decades, often navigating the pressures of both internal rivalries and external threats from colonial powers. With Mpande's death, Cetshwayo sought to establish his authority amidst various factions, including those loyal to his brothers, who also had ambitions for leadership. The Zulu kingdom during this time was a significant power in the region, marked by its military organization and cultural heritage. Cetshwayo was known for his leadership qualities and vision for the Zulu people, which included a focus on strengthening the kingdom against European encroachment.

As king, Cetshwayo aimed to unify the Zulu people and bolster their military capabilities. He faced numerous challenges, including dealing with the increasing pressure from the expanding British Empire, which was interested in dominating the region for its economic potential. Cetshwayo’s reign would soon see confrontations that defined the Zulu's relationship with colonial powers; this period laid the groundwork for subsequent conflicts, notably the Anglo-Zulu War. His decisions and leadership style would resonate through the subsequent struggles for power in Southern Africa, marking Cetshwayo as a key figure in the narrative of resistance against colonialism.