The attack on Santiago in 1541 was led by the indigenous leader Michimalonco, who sought to liberate eight indigenous chiefs captured by Spanish colonizers. The city of Santiago was established in 1541 by Pedro de Valdivia, as part of the Spanish conquest of Chile. The capture of the indigenous chiefs, who were important figures in their communities, incited a violent response from local tribes who were increasingly resistant to Spanish domination. Michimalonco, known for his strategic acumen and leadership among various indigenous groups, organized an assault that would challenge Spanish authority in the region.

The indigenous forces descended upon Santiago, which was still a fledgling settlement, not heavily fortified against such a sudden attack. The conflict underscored the frustration and anger of indigenous peoples facing the encroachment of Spanish settlers, who imposed their rule and disrupted traditional ways of life. This incident was part of the larger pattern of resistance that would continue throughout the colonial period as indigenous tribes united against colonial oppression.

The intensity of the battle was marked by the indigenous warriors’ commitment to reclaim their leaders and assert their autonomy. Although the attack did not ultimately succeed in freeing the chiefs, it signaled a growing sense of unity and resistance among indigenous populations against foreign dominance. Michimalonco's actions became emblematic of the struggle for liberation against colonial powers, setting the stage for future conflicts between indigenous peoples and Spanish settlers.